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Hobbies And Interests Essay For Asl

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Contemporary Architectural Theory - 825 Words

Contemporary Architectural Theory (Book Review Sample) Content: Contemporary Architectural TheoryNameInstitutionCourse code + dateInstructorContemporary Architectural TheoryArchitecture has evolved over the years and still continues to grow as time moves. The ultimate aim of each architect is not to work for a single customer; rather that individual work should be done with an aim of attracting more clients. With time, designers have come up with newer models and designs that are meant to appeal to more customers. This critical analysis will focus on two articles that tell us about the evolution and growth of architecture. We will look keenly at the ideas propagated in the two articles and make a comparison between the two. We will identify any similarities or differences between in the ideas presented in the two articles.Charles Jencksà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬ "What Then Is Post-Modernism?" talks about the changes that have occurred in the architecture world due to modernity. It looks at the entire picture of modern and postmodern things and h ow they have changed over the years. Charles says that "the neologisms à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"capitalism and socialismà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬ were modern when they were used in 1810, but today the hybrid à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"socialismà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬ of the advanced economies could be called post-modern." The sentence suggests that what might have appeared Modern a few years ago might not be modern at this time, and new things that get currently referred to as postmodern.[Charles Jencks "What Then Is Post-Modernism?" October 2009.  2010 John Wiley Sons Ltd.] Denise Scott Brown also talks about the evolution of architecture with time. In this article "Architecture Theory since 1968." And edited by K. Michael Hays in 2000, they talk about architectural designs and how they should get made with futuristic systems. It talks about the modern techniques of architecture that involves the use of more modern technology. The author suggests that any new designs must get done with reference to the formal models as a w ay of incorporating them. The author calls for the current architects to ensure they develop their structures with respect to the formal standards that are universally accepted.[Denise Scott Brown, Architecture Theory since 1968, 2000, edited by K.Michael Hays. Casabella 359-360 Dec. 1971] Looking at these two articles, they talk about the future as well as the growth of architecture. Jencks tries to look at how the words modern and postmodern have been used to describe architectural designs over time. He compares the use of these words to other subjects such as technology, socialism and capitalism. He attributes modern and postmodern architecture to the changes that are being witnessed throughout the world. Brown also talks about how architecture has changed over time. He discusses how forms for new and existing grounds for design have changed. These changes have occurred due to the changes that have occurred in the world such as technological and social changes.[Charles Jencks "Wh at Then Is Post-Modernism?" October 2009.  2010 John Wiley Sons Ltd.] [Denise Scott Brown, Architecture Theory since 1968, 2000, edited by K.Michael Hays. Casabella 359-360 Dec. 1971] Architects have to look at these new designs to gain more knowledge and understanding of what their profession requires. Jencks calls on all architects to have an open mind when it comes to developing postmodern designs. They should ensure the postmodern designs are much better than their modern counterparts. However, there is a difficulty in determining what is modern and what is postmodern. Brown also calls on all architects to ensure their designs get incorporated into the formal architectural plans. They must make a better judgment when coming up with a new design with the hope more people will embrace it. The author identifies the pop culture as similar to modern architecture. Pop artists must always come up with new music to remain relevant to their fan base. A similar scenario is true with architects who need to come up with new and better designs to gain more clients.[Denise Scott Brown, Architecture Theory since 1968, 2000, edited by K.Michael Hays. Casabella 359-360 Dec. 1971] There are some differences that can get witnessed in the two articles. Denise Brown talks about architecture theory since 1968. He talks of how new sources of architectu...

Crime And Crime Prevention Programs - 2354 Words

Introduction Criminal activities will never completely end, owing to the human nature of wanting to defy law and order. However, criminal activities can be mitigated. The history of crime is as old as the beginning of life itself. In every generation of time, we learn of people who engaged in crimes against the law and who were punished in accordance to law of the lands in which they lived. Today, methods of mitigating crime have greatly improved, so has the methods of committing crime. It’s a delicate game. The reception of crime prevention programs has however been on the rise and people are beginning to see the effect of these programs owing to many cases being solved and more criminals brought to justice. Technology has had much to contribute to the emergence of programs that make it easier to detect and mitigate criminal activities. Towards this regard, this paper develops a program that acts as a proposal showing how criminal activities could be mitigated. The paper will investigat e crime rates in various states and offer a proposition on how these crimes could be minimized or done away with altogether. Jurisdiction of the proposal The proposal outlined here will be applicable to a state or city. Larger forms of jurisdiction will not be fully captured in this proposal. The proposal will mainly be focused on crime prevention measures but it can canvass other modes of the crime prevention program. The adult justice system will be the major point of focus in thisShow MoreRelatedCrime And Crime Prevention Programs1821 Words   |  8 Pagessince the 1990’s there has been a decrease in crime. Although, there are many plausible reasons for the decrease in crime such has employment rates, age, economic improvement, or culture variation. However, two other factors play a part in the crime decrease such as a result of better policing methods. Crime prevention programs have been developed and used all over the United States. Over the years, these different prevention programs help contribute to crime decrease. They also have been a great successRead MoreCommunity Crime Prevention Programs 1626 Words   |  7 Pag esCommunity crime prevention programs play a vital role across the world in regards to the â€Å"community† style of police service. These types of programs heavily involve participating members of the community along with the police to achieve community and police oriented goals to improve the quality of life for all members of the community. The Bureau of Justice Assistance states community crime prevention programs are based several factors such as program focus, program rationale, community race,Read MoreLocal Crime Prevention Program1108 Words   |  4 PagesLocal Crime Prevention The name of the crime prevention program The name of the program is Open Door Youth Gang Alternatives. It is head quartered in Golden, Colorado. Their primary focus is to prevent at risk youth from joining gangs and educate the public about warnings signs for recruitment activity. (Our Programs, 2012) (Worrall, 2008) A description of the components of the program (i.e., the length of time to complete the program, who are the participants, who teaches the program, andRead MoreCrime Prevention Programs And Juvenile Delinquency1378 Words   |  6 PagesCrime Prevention Programs Juvenile Delinquency Jenna Moffitt American Military University Professor Parkinson CMRJ295 November 29, 2015 Crime Prevention Programs Juvenile Delinquency Crime is the one constant thing in our country that will always be around. For decades we have enhanced our technology, changed our laws, put away criminals, but crime still, and will always exist. Crime prevention programs are put into place to help prevent juveniles and adults fromRead MoreCrime Prevention Programs Help Protect And Deter Crime Within Neighborhoods1219 Words   |  5 Pages Crime prevention programs help to prevent and deter crime within neighborhoods by getting the neighbors involved. Neighborhood watches use residents within a neighborhood to look out for suspicious activity/ issues then report them to police before any crime occurs. Using this method potentially deters crime and offenders from committing more crimes. A neighborhood watch can consist of a block watch, community watch, home watch and citizen alert. Neighborhood crime prevention programs arose becauseRead MoreCrime Prevention Program: Gun Control in the USA2738 Words   |  11 Pagesways of preven tion from high level incidents such as gun shooting crimes, one of the most important and helpful way is prevention through proper security laws. There is also a great quote that prevention is better than cure. Prevention is almost considered as half the treatment of a particular disease. There are several problems and difficulties faced by people living in current society. One of the major diseases is the increasing trend of crimes like firearms and mass shooting. Crimes are alsoRead MoreThe Neighborhood Watch Program : A Community Based Crime Prevention Program1050 Words   |  5 Pages The Agency that was interviewed was The Neighborhood Watch Program from The El Paso Police Department Northeast Regional Command Center in El Paso Texas. The officer that was interviewed was Crime Prevention officer Jeffery Bell. The Neighborhood Watch is a community-based crime prevention program where neighbors look out for each other’s safety, property and homes. The program is based on the idea when residents, businesses, police officers and other community members look out for the safety ofRead MoreCrime Prevention Concepts and Theory, Such as Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design (Cpted) and Other Such Preventative Programs.1713 Words   |  7 PagesCRIME PREVENTION CONCEPTS AND THEORY, SUCH AS CRIME PREVENTION THROUGH ENVIRONMENTAL DESIGN (CPTED) AND OTHER SUCH PREVENTATIVE PROGRAMS. First to start developing the item on the prevention of crime we must have the concept that is a crime. The crime can be defined as the action consisting of acting or doing, is a positive, which implies that the person or agent performs one or more body movements and commits the violation of the law by itself, or by instruments, mechanisms or persons. We canRead MoreImpact of Developmental Theories on Crime Prevention Program Implementation675 Words   |  3 PagesDevelopmental Theories Impact on Crime Prevention Program Implementation Objective The objective of this study is to examine how developmental theories impact implementation of Crime Prevention Programs. Welsh and Farrington (2010) note that crime prevention holds different meanings for different people and the programs and policies focused on crime prevention includes the arrest by police who are coping with problems associated with gangs and a court disposal of the case, secure correctional facilityRead MoreCrime Prevention Concepts and Theory, Such as Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design (CPTED) And Other Such Preventative Programs1594 Words   |  7 Pagesor not would work in present day police activities. The culture concerns in society on the criminal justice system would explain in the community policing based on Peel’s concept of prevention. Many law enforcement agencies have embraced the community policing concept across the country. Its goal in preventing crime and promote better partnerships between police and community. According to Friedmann (1992), problem analysis and problem solving, facilitation, community organization, communication

Binge Crinking Essay Example For Students

Binge Crinking Essay From one generation to the next, we have seemingly continued this ridiculous practice of binge drinking. Sure, lets all see who can drink the most, who passes out first, and lets not forget throwing-up? Yes, you havent experienced the true effects of binge drinking until youve thrown-up all over yourself. But why, why is it that todays generation feels that this is fun? Risking your life to fit in isnt fun. Fun is going to an amusement park or even a baseball game. Unfortunately, college campuses across the nation are preoccupied by this issue of alcohol abuse. Binge drinking in the U.S. is out of control and mostly a problem that our government has produced. It is a byproduct of legal age limits for drinking. Therefore, putting an age limit on drinking privileges is definitely something that needs to be reevaluated. Binge drinking is defined as the consumption of five or more drinks in a row on at least one occasion Websters 61. In national surveys, about a third of high school seniors and 42 percent of college students reported at least one occasion of binge drinking within the previous two weeks Thompson 35. It also has been nationally identified that alcohol has been related to 75 percent of campus police arrests, 80 percent of residence hall damages, 85 percent of sexual assaults, 70 percent of discipline referrals, and 50 percent of suicide attempts Thompson 35. Since 1993 our problem has only worsened. The Harvard School of Public Healths Alcohol Study found that among heavy drinkers, it has also found an increase in those who said they not only binged but binged frequently: they rose to 20.7% of the 14,521 students in 1997 survey from 19.5% of more than 15,000 students in the 1993 sample Goldberg A8. The problem is not the age in which one should drink, but the way they do drink. Students binge because they have never been taught how to drink responsibly. College administrators are making an effort to reduce all these statistics and get rid of this awful disease spreading through their campuses. They have restricted drinking privileges in every way possible. Zero tolerance no alcohol laws have been put into effect everywhere, endless peer-counseling groups have been initiated, and lets not forget the almighty alcohol awareness campaigns that are crowding our television stations all the time. Think about it though. Why waste our time with all of these restrictions when all that is needed is a change in the rules? There should be no such thing as an underage drinker. Twenty-one is not a magic number when we all have mysteriously grown up. In fact, I cannot recall a single twenty-one year old that was responsible and grown up. As a result of the governments ignorance, this age restriction has only induced binge drinking among young adults. College presidents agree that binge drinking is the most serious problem on college campuses today. The percentage of college kids who were binge drinkers was nearly  uniform from freshman to senior year, even though students under twenty-one are prohibited from purchasing alcohol Goldberg A8. Even with the present alcohol regimen students still seem to find a way to acquire intoxicating beverages. All the governments twenty-one rule is doing is flashing a neon sign that says, be a rebel, defy your parents, it will be fun. This all results in ignorance, not knowing when to say when because no one taught you. Europeans definitely have the right idea when it comes to their children consuming alcohol. They dont say its off limits. In fact they drink with them starting at a very early age. With their parents supervision they learn how to enjoy drinking rather than consuming it in irrational quantities. This allows time to associate the effects of drinking, as well as their tolerance levels. It helps them to see the social side of drinking, as well as keeping it from being something that has to be kept a secret. As a result, Europeans have a shockingly lower rate of binge drinking among their students Thompson 32. It all makes brilliant sense, when you tell a child that they cannot do something, they are going to have the urge to do it even more than they did before. Teaching students today how to drink responsibly within their families first would definitely help a great deal. .u158eb7a89b239f1bd59696af0dc9400f , .u158eb7a89b239f1bd59696af0dc9400f .postImageUrl , .u158eb7a89b239f1bd59696af0dc9400f .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u158eb7a89b239f1bd59696af0dc9400f , .u158eb7a89b239f1bd59696af0dc9400f:hover , .u158eb7a89b239f1bd59696af0dc9400f:visited , .u158eb7a89b239f1bd59696af0dc9400f:active { border:0!important; } .u158eb7a89b239f1bd59696af0dc9400f .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u158eb7a89b239f1bd59696af0dc9400f { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u158eb7a89b239f1bd59696af0dc9400f:active , .u158eb7a89b239f1bd59696af0dc9400f:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u158eb7a89b239f1bd59696af0dc9400f .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u158eb7a89b239f1bd59696af0dc9400f .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u158eb7a89b239f1bd59696af0dc9400f .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u158eb7a89b239f1bd59696af0dc9400f .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u158eb7a89b239f1bd59696af0dc9400f:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u158eb7a89b239f1bd59696af0dc9400f .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u158eb7a89b239f1bd59696af0dc9400f .u158eb7a89b239f1bd59696af0dc9400f-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u158eb7a89b239f1bd59696af0dc9400f:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Legalize marijuana Argumentative EssayAlcohol needs to be looked at as a normal part of life instead of this wondrous forbidden fruit. If the government abolished our drinking age law, maybe our problem would be better solved. Students could feel good about drinking rather than hiding it away in their dorm rooms. They could take their time and drink while eating and discussing their classes together. The fact remains though, that drinking is illegal for early age college kids and is definitely a big reason why they find this binge drinking fun. They feel like they are getting over on someone, in a sense. If it was not illegal to drink before twenty-one, maybe students would be less prone to abuse alcohol. 36,000 of the nations 12 million undergraduates will ultimately die from alcohol-related causes while in school. This is more than the number who will get MAs and PhDs combined Goldberg A8. Obviously the United States government has some reevaluating to consider. With statistics like these, we are already playing Russian roulette with our childrens lives. How much further are we all willing to go to keep alcohol away from students, when all that is needed is a change of heart.

Over

Introduction Human beings learn their environment by perceiving the processes of nature in order to imitate and manipulate them. An experiment done on the imitative capacity of human beings shows that children learn their environment better by imitating novel actions performed by the adults. Since children learn by imitation, they can over-imitate unnecessary actions that adults perform in the process of achieving certain goals.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Over-imitative Behaviour of Children specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More â€Å"Children have been observed to over-imitate, or to reproduce an adult’s obviously irrelevant actions in several different contexts, even in situations where chimpanzees correctly ignored the unnecessary steps† (Lyons, Young, Keil, 2007, p. 19751). Since cognitive capacity of the children is greater than that of chimpanzees, it implies that over-imitation is due to nor m learning. Therefore, norm learning explains better the over-imitative behaviours in children. Summary of Empirical Studies Empirical studies reveal that, over-imitative behaviours in children are due to demands of social norms. In the first empirical study, an experimenter conducted a novel experiment involving retrieval of marble balls from a transparent experimental set up. The experimenter demonstrated severally how to retrieve the marble balls through a process with unnecessary actions for 4-year-old children to imitate. After demonstration, the children imitated the process of retrieving a marble ball, and the experimenter noted keenly if children could precede unnecessary actions when retrieving marble balls. â€Å"Of the other 16, 13 performed the unnecessary action †¦compatible with the hypothesis that children have a declarative belief that the dial should be turned before retrieving the object, a belief that can be flexibly used to determine appropriate behaviourâ €  (Kenward, Karlsson, Persson, 2010, p. 4). Since novel apparatus were transparent, the children could have avoided unnecessary actions while retrieving the marbles. The normative learning made the children to over-imitate unnecessary actions of the experimenter. In second empirical study, the experimenter taught children how to manipulate a puppet by doing both necessary and unnecessary actions. Two groups of children, recognizing group and inventing group, manipulated the puppet according to the demonstration based on ostensive communication and incidental observation respectively.Advertising Looking for essay on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More According to the findings, â€Å"†¦young 3-year-old children jumped to a normative interpretation of an adult action based mainly on the way it was performed in terms of its intentionality, and possibly conventionality† (Schmidt, Rakoczy, Tomasello, 2010, p.5). The results imply that children over-imitate actions as norms necessary for achieving intended objectives when manipulating a puppet. The study also found out that children over-imitate actions more in recognizing environment as compared to the inventing environment. Thus, observation is very critical in development of normative behaviours by the children. In the third empirical study, the experimenter trained 5-year old children on how to retrieve a dinosaur toy from a container while doing both necessary and unnecessary actions. The experimenter then taught children to identify the necessary and unnecessary actions in readiness for the next experiment where they could differentiate the two actions. In the test experiment, the experimenter brought a complex container with turtle and instructed the children to retrieve a turtle using necessary actions only. Surprisingly, most children continually repeated the unnecessary actions during the short process of retrieving turtle m eaning that, they had normatively observed the process of retrieving dinosaur. According to Lyons, Young, and Keil, â€Å"directly warning participants to ignore unnecessary actions failed to attenuate over-imitation because despite deliberately monitoring for irrelevant steps, children continued to over-imitate as frequently as they did in training experiment† (2007, p.19755). These findings prove that over-imitative behaviour springs from the tendency of children to perceive actions as norms that require compliance. Discussion and Integration of Empirical Research and Theoretical Research The experiment involving retrieval of marble balls from transparent experimental set up clearly demonstrates how children over-imitated experimenter by performing unnecessary actions. The strengths of the experiment lie in the fact that there are no assumptions regarding the participants or the experiment itself. Furthermore, the study also empirically illustrates how children can effectiv ely over-imitate unnecessary actions without any external influence that can confound the results; therefore, the experiment is very simple for a 5-year old child to comprehend.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Over-imitative Behaviour of Children specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Nevertheless, the weakness of the research lies in the questions directed at the 5-year-old children. The children are too young to give coherent verbal reasons regarding necessary and unnecessary actions. The experimenter questions the children whether they can perform unnecessary actions and how they can avoid unnecessary questions. These questions are very complex for the children because they do not fully comprehend the whole process; they just over-imitate actions of the experimenter. Hence, verbal answers from 5-year old children are not credible since their cognitive ability cannot allow them to give consistent and true answers to the questions. In the puppet experiment, its strengths are in the comparative study of recognizing and inventing group as the experiment revealed that children learn better through observation rather than through their own rational abilities. As a weakness, manipulation of the puppet is very complex for the 3-year old children to comprehend. In the dinosaur retrieval experiment, though children learned in advance to differentiate relevant and irrelevant actions, they were able to repeat irrelevant actions despite the experimenter’s instructions to avoid such actions; hence the strength of the experiment. The experiment proved that over-imitative behaviours of children lie in norm learning. However, the weakness rests on the fact that the experimenter over instructed the children during training and testing experiment, which might have influenced the outcome of the experiment. Discussion and Integration of Evidence with My Arguments The study supports the argument that, norm learning explains better the over-imitative behaviour in children since the experiment empirically illustrates how children perform both necessary and unnecessary actions in order to achieve certain goals. The children do not question the process that the experimenter follows since they perceive them as critical actions that leads to the ultimate objective. As a norm, children adapt adult behaviours because they assume that whatever adults do is right and worth imitating. To the children, every action, whether necessary or unnecessary for achieving specific objectives, is taken as integral part of the whole process since social norms are diverse for a child to differentiate between relevant and irrelevant actions/behaviours. Since children are still young with little experiences in different kinds of actions that they perform, they obtain their experiences by keenly observing actions of the adults. Therefore, over-imitative behaviour emanate from the desire to comply with social nor ms that determine one’s rewards or punishment.Advertising Looking for essay on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Therefore, children think that their compliance with norms enables them to earn rewards rather than punishments from their adults. Hence, perceptions of actions from the normative point of view have made children become over-imitative even in unnecessary actions that do not require much rationalization. Discussion of the Key Issues Two schools of thought, norm learning and distorted causal learning, try to explain over-imitative behaviour in children. Norm learning assumes that children do not use their cognitive abilities when imitating adults, which makes them to over-imitate even unnecessary actions that have no meaning in achieving certain objectives. The norm learning perspective of explaining the over-imitative behaviour needs to consider and integrate cognitive abilities of the children because they reason before performing necessary and unnecessary actions. According to Lyons, Young, and Keil â€Å"Children who observe an adult intentionally manipulating a novel object have a strong tendency to encode all of the adult’s actions as causally meaningful, implicitly revising their causal understanding of the object accordingly† (2007, p.19751). This argument implies that children not only imitate actions and behaviours due to social norms, but also due to the cognitive ability to code and over-imitate. Distorted causal learning on the other hand assumes that over-imitative behaviours come from the cognitive coding of behaviours and actions. Lyons, Young and Keil argue that, â€Å"children treat the purposeful actions that adults direct toward novel objects as a source of privileged causal information, automatically encoding those actions as causally meaningful even when there is clear visible evidence to the contrary† (2007, p.19752). Distorted causal learning neglects the influence of social factors such as norms and interests towards certain actions that children have. There is possibility that children are superficially over-imitati ng the actions thinking that they are rules of a game because games have many unnecessary actions that need compliance for the sake of fun. Since children like games and fun, over-imitation may be part of social interaction that leads to fun and merry making. Thus, it is not enough to attribute over-imitation to the distorted causal learning. Conclusion Norm learning explains best the cause of over-imitative behaviours observed in children. The marble retrieval experiment clearly illustrates how children over-imitate unnecessary actions while retrieving marbles from the experimental set up. Over-imitation of unnecessary actions implies that children have normative tendency in following instructions of the adults with view that there are right and wrong actions. Children view adults as source of morals and whatever they do is unquestionable, hence over-imitating their actions and behaviours. In a recap, over-imitation has formed the basis of learning throughout the process of human e volution. References Kenward, B., Karlsson, M., Persson, J. (2010). Over-imitation is Better Explained by Norm Learning than by Distorted Causal Learning. Proceedings of the  Royal Society. 1-9 Lyons, D., Young, A., Keil, F. (2007). The Hidden Structure of Over-imitation.  Proceedings of National Academy of Sciences, 104(50), 19751-19756. Schmidt, M., Rakoczy, H., Tomasello, M. (2010). Young Children Attribute Normativity To Novel actions without Pedagogy or Normative Language. Developmental Science, 1-10. This essay on Over-imitative Behaviour of Children was written and submitted by user Michaela Reeves to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here. Over